Genetic counseling and testing are generally recommended after two or more pregnancy losses, though evaluation may begin earlier if there is a known family history of a genetic condition, if the couple is from a background with a higher carrier frequency for certain inherited disorders, if there is consanguinity, or if a prior pregnancy loss showed a chromosomal abnormality on testing. Genetic counseling helps the couple understand which tests are appropriate for their specific situation, what the results can and cannot explain, and what the implications are for future pregnancies including options such as preimplantation genetic testing during in vitro fertilization, if relevant.